Simulation of ICD-9 to ICD-10-CM Transition for Family Medicine: Simple or Convoluted?

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the impact of the transition from International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM), to Interactional Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-10-CM), on family medicine and to identify areas where additional training might be required. METHODS: Family medicine ICD-9-CM codes were obtained from an Illinois Medicaid data set (113,000 patient visits and $5.5 million in claims). Using the science of networks, we evaluated each ICD-9-CM code used by family medicine physicians to determine whether the transition was simple or convoluted. A simple transition is defined as 1 ICD-9-CM code mapping to 1 ICD-10-CM code, or 1 ICD-9-CM code mapping to multiple ICD-10-CM codes. A convoluted transition is where the transitions between coding systems is nonreciprocal and complex, with multiple codes for which definitions become intertwined. Three family medicine physicians evaluated the most frequently encountered complex mappings for clinical accuracy. RESULTS: Of the 1635 diagnosis codes used by family medicine physicians, 70% of the codes were categorized as simple, 27% of codes were convoluted, and 3% had no mapping. For the visits, 75%, 24%, and 1% corresponded with simple, convoluted, and no mapping, respectively. Payment for submitted claims was similarly aligned. Of the frequently encountered convoluted codes, 3 diagnosis codes were clinically incorrect, but they represent only <0.1% of the overall diagnosis codes. CONCLUSIONS: The transition to ICD-10-CM is simple for 70% or more of diagnosis codes, visits, and reimbursement for a family medicine physician. However, some frequently used codes for disease management are convoluted and incorrect, and for which additional resources need to be invested to ensure a successful transition to ICD-10-CM.

Factores relacionados con la empatía en estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad de Cartagena / Factors related to empathy in medical students at the University of Cartagena

Objetivo: Determinar los niveles de empatía y su relación con factores sociodemográficos, familiares y académicos en estudiantes de Medicina. Diseño: Estudio de corte transversal. Emplazamiento: Universidad de Cartagena (Colombia). Participantes: 256 estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad de Cartagena, seleccionados aleatoriamente. Mediciones Principales: Se aplicó un cuestionario que indagaba sobre características sociodemográficas, familiares, académicas y la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson versión S. Para el análisis se utilizó la prueba de Shapiro-Wilk para evaluar el supuesto de normalidad, las pruebas T Student y Anova para establecer la relación entre variables (p<0,05). Resultados: La media de empatía global fue 114,3 ± 12,8 puntos. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre la media de empatía global con el sexo (p=0,0033), funcionalidad familiar (p=0,0017), Medicina como primera opción de estudio (p=0,03), rendimiento académico (p=0,0464) y promedio académico acumulado (p=0,003; r=0,19). Conclusiones: Los niveles de empatía en estudiantes de Medicina pueden variar dependiendo del sexo, funcionalidad familiar, primera opción de estudio, promedio y rendimiento académico; lo que hace imperativa la implementación de estrategias pedagógicas en las áreas humanas involucrando a las familias de los educandos, mejorando así los niveles de empatía y la atención en salud (AU)

Objective: To determine empathy levels and its relationship with sociodemographic, academic and family factors in medical students. Design: Cross-sectional study. Location: University of Cartagena (Colombia). Participants: 256 medical students at the University of Cartagena, randomly selected. Main measures: A questionnaire was applied that asked about sociodemographic, family and academic factors and the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy version S. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to assess the normality assumption, and T Student and Anova tests were used to establish relationship among variables (p<0.05). Results: The average global empathy was 114.3 ± 12.8 points; we found statistically significant differences between the average global empathy with sex (p=0.0033), family functioning (p=0.0017), Medicine as first choice study (p=0.03), academic performance (p=0.0464) and cumulative grade point average (p=0.003; r = 0.19). Conclusions: The levels of empathy in medical students may vary depending on gender, family functioning, first choice of study, academic average and performance; which makes it imperative to implement pedagogical strategies in human areas involving students’ families, and therefore improving the levels of empathy and health care (AU)

An international comparative family medicine study of the Transition Project data from the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia. Is family medicine an international discipline? Comparing diagnostic odds ratios across populations.

INTRODUCTION: This is an international study of the epidemiology of family medicine (FM) in three practice populations from the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia. Diagnostic associations between common reasons for encounter (RfEs) and episodes titles are compared and similarities and differences are described and analysed. METHODOLOGY: Participating family doctors (FDs) recorded details of all their patient contacts in an 'episode of care (EoC)' structure using the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). RfEs presented by the patient and episode titles (diagnostic labels of EoCs) were classified with ICPC. The relationships between RfEs and episode titles were studied with Bayesian methods. RESULTS: Distributions of diagnostic odds ratios (ORs) from the three population databases are presented and compared. CONCLUSIONS: ICPC, the RfE and the EoC data model are appropriate tools to study the process of diagnosis in FM. Distributions of diagnostic associations between RfEs and episode titles in the Transition Project international populations show remarkable similarities and congruencies in the process of diagnosis from both the RfE and the episode title perspectives. The congruence of diagnostic associations between populations supports the use of such data from one population to inform diagnostic decisions in another. Differences in the magnitude of such diagnostic associations are significant, and population-specific data are therefore desirable. We propose that both an international (common) and a local (health care system specific) content of FM exist and that the empirical distributions of diagnostic associations presented in this paper are a reflection of both these effects. We also observed that the frequency of exposure to such diagnostic challenges had a strong effect on the confidence intervals of diagnostic ORs reflecting these diagnostic associations. We propose that this constitutes evidence that expertise in FM is associated with frequency of exposure to diagnostic challenges.

An international comparative family medicine study of the Transition Project data from the Netherlands, Malta, Japan and Serbia. An analysis of diagnostic odds ratios aggregated across age bands, years of observation and individual practices.

INTRODUCTION: This is a study of the process of diagnosis in family medicine (FM) in four practice populations from the Netherlands, Malta, Serbia and Japan. Diagnostic odds ratios (ORs) for common reasons for encounter (RfEs) and episode titles are used to study the process of diagnosis in international FM and to test the assumption that data can be aggregated across different age bands, practices and years of observation. METHODOLOGY: Participating family doctors (FDs) recorded details of all their patient contacts in an episode of care (EoC) structure using the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC). RfEs presented by the patient and the diagnostic labels (EoC titles) recorded for each encounter were classified with ICPC. The relationships between RfEs and episode titles were expressed as ORs using Bayesian probability analysis to calculate the posterior (post-test) odds of an episode title given an RfE, at the start of a new EoC. RESULTS: The distributions of diagnostic ORs from the four population databases are tabled across age groups, years of observation and practices. CONCLUSIONS: There is a lot of congruence in diagnostic process and concepts between populations, across age groups, years of observation and FD practices, despite differences in the strength of such diagnostic associations. There is particularly little variability of diagnostic ORs across years of observation and between individual FD practices. Given our findings, it makes sense to aggregate diagnostic data from different FD practices and years of observation. Our findings support the existence of common core diagnostic concepts in international FM.

An international comparative family medicine study of the Transition Project data from the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia. Is family medicine an international discipline? Comparing incidence and prevalence rates of reasons for encounter and diagnostic titles of episodes of care across populations.

INTRODUCTION: This is a study of the epidemiology of family medicine (FM) in three practice populations from the Netherlands, Malta and Serbia. Incidence and prevalence rates, especially of reasons for encounter (RfEs) and episode labels, are compared. METHODOLOGY: Participating family doctors (FDs) recorded details of all their patient contacts in an episode of care (EoC) structure using electronic patient records based on the International Classification of Primary Care (ICPC), collecting data on all elements of the doctor-patient encounter. RfEs presented by the patient, all FD interventions and the diagnostic labels (EoCs labels) recorded for each encounter were classified with ICPC (ICPC-2-E in Malta and Serbia and ICPC-1 in the Netherlands). RESULTS: The content of family practice in the three population databases, incidence and prevalence rates of the common top 20 RfEs and EoCs in the three databases are given. CONCLUSIONS: Data that are collected with an episode-based model define incidence and prevalence rates much more precisely. Incidence and prevalence rates reflect the content of the doctor-patient encounter in FM but only from a superficial perspective. However, we found evidence of an international FM core content and a local FM content reflected by important similarities in such distributions. FM is a complex discipline, and the reduction of the content of a consultation into one or more medical diagnoses, ignoring the patient's RfE, is a coarse reduction, which lacks power to fully characterize a population's health care needs. In fact, RfE distributions seem to be more consistent between populations than distributions of EoCs are, in many respects.

Diagnostico de la situaciòn de salud del barrio Virgen Del Carmen, Distrito Remansito, Region Bajo Chaco HC-IPS/ 2007-2009 / Diagnosis of the health situation of the district virgen del carmen, remansito district, region lower chaco HC-IPS/2007-2009

Al realizar este estudio encontramos que nuestra poblaciòn se caracteriza por ser progresiva,cuyos problemas fundamentales se enfocan a las enfermedades transmisibles,principarmente la parasitosìs intestinal,ocupando las infecciones respìratorias agudas un lugar de destaque,en cuanto a las enfermedades crònicas no transmisibles la de mayor prevalencia fue el asma bronquial..

Trastornos somatomorfos y depresión / Somatomorphic disorders and depression

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Patient safety events reported in general practice: a taxonomy.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a taxonomy describing patient safety events in general practice from reports submitted by a random representative sample of general practitioners (GPs), and to determine proportions of reported event types. DESIGN: 433 reports received by the Threats to Australian Patient Safety (TAPS) study were analysed by three investigating GPs, classifying event types contained. Agreement between investigators was recorded as the taxonomy developed. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 84 volunteers from a random sample of 320 GPs, previously shown to be representative of 4666 GPs in New South Wales, Australia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Taxonomy, agreement of investigators coding, proportions of error types. RESULTS: A three-level taxonomy resulted. At the first level, errors relating to the processes of healthcare (type 1; n = 365 (69.5%)) were more common than those relating to deficiencies in the knowledge and skills of health professionals (type 2; n = 160 (30.5%)). At the second level, five type 1 themes were identified: healthcare systems (n = 112 (21.3%)); investigations (n = 65 (12.4%)); medications (n = 107 (20.4%)); other treatments (n = 13 (2.5%)); and communication (n = 68 (12.9%)). Two type 2 themes were identified: diagnosis (n = 62 (11.8%)) and management (n = 98 (18.7%)). The third level comprised 35 descriptors of the themes. Good inter-coder agreement was demonstrated with an overall kappa score of 0.66. A least two out of three investigators independently agreed on event classification in 92% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed taxonomy for reported events in general practice provides a comprehensible tool for clinicians describing threats to patient safety, and could be built into reporting systems to remove difficulties arising from coder interpretation of events.

Clinical peripherality: development of a peripherality index for rural health services.

BACKGROUND: The configuration of rural health services is influenced by geography. Rural health practitioners provide a broader range of services to smaller populations scattered over wider areas or more difficult terrain than their urban counterparts. This has implications for training and quality assurance of outcomes. This exploratory study describes the development of a "clinical peripherality" indicator that has potential application to remote and rural general practice communities for planning and research purposes. METHODS: Profiles of general practice communities in Scotland were created from a variety of public data sources. Four candidate variables were chosen that described demographic and geographic characteristics of each practice: population density, number of patients on the practice list, travel time to nearest specialist led hospital and travel time to Health Board administrative headquarters. A clinical peripherality index, based on these variables, was derived using factor analysis. Relationships between the clinical peripherality index and services offered by the practices and the staff profile of the practices were explored in a series of univariate analyses. RESULTS: Factor analysis on the four candidate variables yielded a robust one-factor solution explaining 75% variance with factor loadings ranging from 0.83 to 0.89. Rural and remote areas had higher median values and a greater scatter of clinical peripherality indices among their practices than an urban comparison area. The range of services offered and the profile of staffing of practices was associated with the peripherality index. CONCLUSION: Clinical peripherality is determined by the nature of the practice and its location relative to secondary care and administrative and educational facilities. It has features of both gravity model-based and travel time/accessibility indicators and has the potential to be applied to training of staff for rural and remote locations and to other aspects of health policy and planning. It may assist planners in conceptualising the effects on general practices of centralising specialist clinical services or administrative and educational facilities.

Differences in the quality of primary medical care services by remoteness from urban settlements.

OBJECTIVE: To examine if the quality of primary medical care varies with remoteness from urban settlements. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of publicly available data of 18 process and intermediate outcome measures for people with coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes and stroke. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Populations registered with 912 general practices in Scotland grouped into three categories by level of remoteness from urban settlements: not remote, remote and very remote. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean percentages achieving quality indicators and interquartile range scores. RESULTS: Remote and very remote practices were more likely to have characteristics associated with low Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) total points score (smaller, higher capitation income, dispensing practice, and had lower statin prescribing despite higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes). However, in contrast with previous research, there was little evidence that quality of care was lower in more remote areas for the 18 process and intermediate outcome measures examined. The exception was significantly lower cholesterol measurement and control in people with CHD, diabetes and stroke attending very remote practices (p<0.01) and beta-blocker prescription in CHD (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Under QOF, there are few differences in the quality of care delivered to patients in practices with different degrees of remoteness. The differences in achievement for cholesterol were consistent with lower rates of statin prescribing relative to disease burden in very remote practices. No differences were found for complex process measures such as retinopathy screening, implying that differences under QOF are more likely to be due to slower adoption of evidence-based practice than access problems. Examining this will require analysis of individual patient data.